Maternal factors associated with neonatal vitamin D deficiency
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2019-02-07 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0422
Chen Wang wangdh at pumch.cn / Jinsong Gao / Ning Liu / Songlin Yu / Ling Qiu / Danhua Wang
Wonder - Do Chickens in China get sunshine or supplements?
- Free-range chicken eggs have at least 3X more vitamin D – Oct 2013
- 200 IU per 100 gram of egg yoke when add vitamin D to poultry feed in Europe – Aug 2011
- UVB on legs of chickens resulted in 70 IU vitamin D per egg yoke – July 2013
- Vitamin D in US eggs: 2 to 18 IU – March 2013
- Hens with Vitamin D were better in at least 5 ways – RCT Aug 2018
- Eat eggs to get of good level of vitamin D (need to eat 35 daily) – Jan 2019
- Vitamin D from animal increases 6X when consider that already processed by animal livers
- 9X increase in effective Vitamin D for eggs
- Egg vitamin D levels are not permitted to be restored to levels before chickens were raised indoors – Feb 2017
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| Adjusted odds ratio (OR) | p-Value | |
| Sun exposure time (insufficient) | 6.8 | 0.003 |
| Season of birth (winter) | 2.9 | 0.057 |
| Egg consumption (insufficient) | 3.0 | 0.036 |
| VitD supplementation (insufficient) | 7.0 | <0.001 |
| Maternal BMI (high) | 2.9 | 0.025 |
| Insurance status (disadvantaged) | 7.5 | 0.006 |
Background
An adequate maternal vitamin D (vitD) intake is rarely achieved in actual practice. The aim of this study was to assess maternal factors associated with neonatal vitD deficiency.
Methods
This is a single-institution prospective case-control study. Consecutive single-birth neonates admitted between September 2014 and February 2015 were prospectively enrolled. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured by spectrometry. The associations between neonatal vitD deficiency (defined as 25(OH)D <15 ng/mL) and several maternal characteristics, including body mass index (BMI) at delivery, education, health insurance status, birth season, sun exposure time, egg consumption, and vitD supplementation during pregnancy, were examined using multivariable logistic regression and their respective odds ratios (ORs) reported.
Results
A total of 125 mother-infant dyads were enrolled, with a gestational age of 36.8±2.7 weeks. Fifty-six percent (70/125) of the neonates had vitD deficiency. Maternal factors that were significantly associated with vitD deficiency included winter birth, insufficient sun exposure time, high maternal BMI at delivery, insufficient egg consumption, insufficient vitD supplementation during pregnancy, and disadvantaged health insurance. Disadvantaged insurance status and insufficient vitD supplementation during pregnancy were the two most influential factors of neonatal vitD deficiency, with an OR of 7.5 (95% confidence interval CI, 2.0–37.6) and 7.0 (95% CI, 2.7–20.7), respectively.
Conclusions
Neonatal vitD deficiency is very rampant. An individualized vitD supplementation strategy may be developed by taking into consideration pregnant women’s socioeconomic status and lifestyles.