The Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation During a Prolonged Submarine Patrol
Calcified Tissue International
Heath G. Gasier heath.gasier@dm.duke.edu (1)
Erin Gaffney-Stomberg erin.g.stomberg.civ@mail.mil (2)
Colin R. Young colin.young@med.navy.mil (1)
Douglas C. McAdams douglas.c.mcadams.mil@health.mil (3)
Laura J. Lutz laura.j.lutz2.civ@mail.mil (2)
James P. McClung james.p.mcclung8.civ@mail.mil (2)
Author Affiliations
1. Department of Submarine Medicine & Survival Systems, Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, CT, USA
2. Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
3. Submarine Group Nine, Silverdale, WA, USA
Submariners spend prolonged periods submerged without sunlight exposure and may benefit from vitamin D supplementation to maintain vitamin D status. The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of daily vitamin D supplementation on maintenance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) during a 3-month submarine patrol. Submariners were randomly divided into three groups: placebo (n = 16), 1,000 IU/day (n = 20), or 2,000 IU/day (n = 17). Anthropometrics, self-reported dietary calcium and vitamin D intake, serum markers of vitamin D and bone metabolism, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) parameters of the tibia were determined before and after the patrol. Prior to departure, 49 % of the subjects were vitamin D insufficient (<50 nmol/L). Following the patrol, 25(OH)D increased in all groups (p < 0.001):
- 3.3 ± 13.1 (placebo),
- 4.6 ± 11.3 (1,000 IU/day), and
- 13 ± 14 nmol/L (2,000 IU/day).
The changes in 25(OH)D levels were dependent upon the baseline concentration of 25(OH)D and body mass (p < 0.001). Osteocalcin increased by 38 % (p < 0.01), and pQCT analyses revealed small, yet significant increases in indices of tibial structure and strength (p < 0.05) that were independent of supplementation. These data suggest that vitamin D status was low prior to the patrol, and the subsequent changes in vitamin D status were dependent on the baseline 25(OH)D levels and body mass. Furthermore, short-term skeletal health does not appear to be negatively affected by 3 months of submergence in spite of a suboptimal response to vitamin D supplementation.
See also VitaminDWiki
- Submariners need Vitamin D (no surprise) – Review March 2023
- Recommended increasing vitamin D for space flight – NASA Sept 2013
- All items in category Shut-ins and Vitamin D
39 items
Shut-ins: Arctic Explorers, Astronauts, prisoners, hospital patients, etc. need more vitamin D or more sunshine/UV- Vitamin D Supplementation in Underway Submariners PDF file , not web page
the US NAVY paper in 2005 concluded that 400 IU was not enough for this occupation- Submariners vitamin D levels continued to drop while on patrol (no surprise) – Dec 2013 which has the following
Seems like the following photo of the UK submariners was just an experiment, not an on-going practice
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