Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Obesity Reviews, Volume 16, Issue 4, pages 341–349, April 2015, DOI: 10.1111/obr.12239
M. Pereira-Santos1,2,*, P. R. F. Costa2, A. M. O. Assis1,2, C. A. S. T. Santos3 andD. B. Santos4
Over the past decade, there have been an increasing number of studies on the association between vitamin D deficiency and anthropometric state. However, we did not identify any meta-analyses of the relationship between obesity and vitamin D deficiency in different age groups. Thus, we evaluated the association between obesity and vitamin D deficiency. We searched for observational studies published up to April 2014 in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Scopus databases. We performed a meta-analysis in accordance with the random-effects model to obtain the summary measurement (prevalence ratio, PR). Among the 29,882 articles identified, 23 met the inclusion criteria.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was
- 35% higher in obese subjects compared to the eutrophic group
(PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.21–1.50) and - 24% higher than in the overweight group
(PR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.14–1.34).
These results indicate that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was more elevated in obese subjects. The vitamin D deficiency was associated with obesity irrespective of age, latitude, cut-offs to define vitamin D deficiency and the Human Development Index of the study location.
See also VitaminDWiki
- Overview Obesity and Vitamin D contains the following summary
- FACT: People who are obese have less vitamin D in their blood
- FACT: Obese need a higher dose of vitamin D to get to the same level of vit D
- FACT: When obese people lose weight the vitamin D level in their blood increases
- FACT: Adding Calcium, perhaps in the form of fortified milk, often reduces weight
- FACT: 168 trials for vitamin D intervention of obesity as of Dec 2021
- FACT: Less weight gain by senior women with > 30 ng of vitamin D
- FACT: Dieters lost additional 5 lbs if vitamin D supplementation got them above 32 ng - RCT
- FACT: Obese lost 3X more weight by adding $10 of Vitamin D
- FACT: Those with darker skins were more likely to be obese Sept 2014
- OBSERVATION: Low Vitamin D while pregnancy ==> more obese child and adult
- OBSERVATION: Many mammals had evolved to add fat and vitamin D in the autumn
- and lose both in the Spring - unfortunately humans have forgotten to lose the fat in the Spring
- SPECULATION: Low vitamin D might be one of the causes of obesity – several studies
- SUGGESTION: Probably need more than 4,000 IU to lose weight if very low on vitamin D due to
risk factors such as overweight, age, dark skin, live far from equator,shut-in, etc. - Obesity category has
442 items See also: Weight loss and Vitamin D - many studies Child Obesity and Vitamin D - many studies Obesity, Virus, and Vitamin D - many studies
Obese need more Vitamin D- Normal weight Obese (50 ng = 125 nanomole)
Click here for 2014 study
The TOP Obesity and Vitamin D articles are:- The Role of Magnesium in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders – April 2022
- Vitamin D might a risk factor of insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, etc. (50 ng) – Oct 2021
- 26 health factors increase the risk of COVID-19 – all are proxies for low vitamin D
- 2.3 X more weight loss in those who had low vitamin D levels and took some – Dec 2019
- Adenovirus-36 is strongly associated with Obesity (possibly prevented and treated by Vitamin D)
- Obesity associated with poor Vitamin D genes (VDR in this study) – Jan 2018
- Obesity is associated with low Vitamin D (and treated by D as well) – Aug 2019
- Obese responded to weekly vitamin D better than non-obese – RCT March 2018
- Daily, monthly Vitamin D had similar great benefits, more than 6 months needed – RCT Dec 2018
- Obese lost more weight on diet if added 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly – many RCTs
- Lost 19 lbs more if add vitamin D to calorie restriction and walking program– July 2018
- Obesity in 700 young adults associated with a poor Vitamin D Receptor – Jan 2018
- Increased Testosterone and Erectile function, decreased weight with Vitamin D – March 2017
- Obese children – 71 percent had low vitamin D– Jan 2016
- Obese need 2X to 3X more vitamin D - Nov 2014
- Low-level antibiotics causes weight gain in mice (and most mammals) – Aug 2014
- Antibiotics and Vitamin D are associated with many of the same diseases
- Dieters lost 5 more pounds if achieved more than 32 ng of vitamin D – RCT March 2014
- Obese need 2.5 IU of vitamin D per kg to increase 1 ng (about 3.4 X more) – RCT Sept 2013
- Those low on vitamin D were 2.4X more likely to gain weight – June 2013
- Obese have 50 percent less of two enzymes in fatty tissue to process vitamin D – May 2013
- Vitamin D and Obesity: review concludes that D is just diluted by total weight – April 2013
- Metabolic Syndrome 10% less likely for every 4 ng increase in Vitamin D – Jan 2013
- Overweight women lost fat in 12 weeks with just 1000 IU vitamin D daily – Sept 2012
- Weight loss of at least 10 percent resulted in 5 ng increase in vitamin D levels – Sept 2012
- Vitamin D less than 20 ng associated with 73 pct chance becoming obese in 11 years – May 2012
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