Low Vitamin D screening with just 5 questions (for less than 12 ng) – June 2022

---

A validated screening tool correctly identifies the majority of pregnant women at high risk of vitamin D deficiency

Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Jun;49:301-306. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.034.
Linnea Bärebring 1, Anna Amberntsson 2, Hanna Augustin 3

Background & aim: The objective was to develop and validate a non-invasive screening tool to identify pregnant women at high risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Methods: Data from the Swedish prospective cohort GraviD, 2125 pregnant women, were randomly split in halves; one for developing the screening tool, and one for validation. Risk factors of vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 30 nmol/L) were identified using logistic regression analyses and odds ratios were translated into scores. Cutt offs to indicate high risk of vitamin D deficiency were evaluated by receiver operator characteristics.

Results: Five variables (

• season,
• clothing,
• eye color (was better than skin color)
• fortified milk intake and
• vitamin D supplement use)

were included in the screening tool. The possible total score was 0-42. Mean (95% CI) area under the curve for classification of vitamin D deficiency was 0.921 (0.893-0.948) (p < 0.001). A score of ≥15 points had 92% sensitivity and 76% specificity to identify women with 25OHD <30 nmol/L. This cut off had a positive predictive value of 31% and a negative predictive value of 99%.

Conclusion: This short non-invasive screening tool is valid as it correctly identified the majority of the vitamin D deficient pregnant women, who may benefit from further investigation for definite diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki

---

Only 1% of the time did the screening tool fail to identify a woman having <12 ng

---

VitaminDWiki - Predict Vitamin D category contains

It is very difficult to predict the response to supplementation of Vitamin D, or additional sun/UV
There are a huge number of factors involved.
 
This page also has studies predicting deficiency without Vitamin D tests

Examples of 82 studies that Predict Vitamin D levels

• Predicted Vitamin D levels for health young women had 95% accuracy using neural network (paywall) – July 2024
• Vitamin D deficiency predicted with 91% accuracy ( AI, age, paywall) - April 2024
• Predictors of low vitamin D: race, age, and BMI (confirmed now by Machine Learning) – Feb 2024
• Low Vitamin D screening with just 5 questions (for less than 12 ng) – June 2022
• Top 10 signs of Vitamin D Deficiency (9 minute Video) - Oct 2021
• Estimate Vitamin D levels based on questionnaires (12 studies) – July 2020
• Is a senior Vitamin D insufficient - a 2 minute questionnaire is 85 percent accurate – Nov 2019
• Simple Vitamin D deficiency scoring system – Feb 2016
• Toward predicting vitamin D levels without a blood test. by VitaminDWiki
• Excellent prediction of very low vitamin D in elderly from just 16 questions (analyzed by ML) – June 2017
• Quick, free, self test of vitamin D deficiency 90% chance <20 ng