Influent factors of gestational vitamin D deficiency and its relation to an increased risk of preterm delivery in Chinese population.
Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 26;8(1):3608. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21944-3.
Chen YH1,2,3, Fu L1, Hao JH1,3, Wang H1, Zhang C1, Tao FB1,3, Xu DX4,5.
Gestational vitamin D status
| Sufficiency | Insufficiency | Deficiency | |||||
| Adjusted Preterm Risk | 1.00 | 2.1 | 4.0 | ||||
| Adjusted Early Preterm Risk | 1.00 | 0.54 | 3.0 | ||||
See also VitaminDWiki
- Preterm birth rate reduced 57 percent by Vitamin D – Nov 2015 intervention
- Preterm birth rate reduced by 43 percent with adequate Vitamin D supplementation – meta-analysis Feb 2017
- Preterm birth far more likely if previous miscarriage and poor Vitamin D receptor – Aug 2017
- Preterm births strongly related to Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor, Iodine, Omega-3, etc
- Preterm birth rates increased in 15 European countries – Oct 2013
- Vitamin D intervention reduces preterm births and low birth weight by 60 percent – Cochrane Reviews – Nov 2017
- Preterm birth cost for employers approximately 50,000 dollars – Oct 2017
- Premature birth and infant mortality worse if dark skin (low vitamin D) - 2015
- Low Vitamin D – 2X more likely to have premie AND mother later to have heart problems – Feb 2015
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary
Most were taking 2,000 to 7,000 IU daily for >50% of pregnancy
Click on hyperlinks for details
Problem | Vit. D Reduces | Evidence | |||||
| 0. Chance of not conceiving | 3.4 times | Observe | |||||
| 1. Miscarriage | 2.5 times | Observe | |||||
| 2. Pre-eclampsia | 3.6 times | RCT | |||||
| 3. Gestational Diabetes | 3 times | RCT | |||||
| 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality | 3.5 times | Observe | |||||
| 5. Premature birth | 2 times | RCT | |||||
| 6. C-section - unplanned | 1.6 times | Observe | |||||
| Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 | 4 times | RCT - Omega-3 | |||||
| 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy | 1.4 times | RCT | |||||
| 8. Small for Gestational Age | 1.6 times | meta-analysis | |||||
| 9. Infant height, weight, head size within normal limits | RCT | ||||||
| 10. Childhood Wheezing | 1.3 times | RCT | |||||
| 11. Additional child is Autistic | 4 times | Intervention | |||||
| 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis | 1.9 times | Observe | |||||
| 13. Preeclampsia in young adult | 3.5 times | RCT | |||||
| 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 | 1.4 times | Observe | |||||
| 15. Childhood Mite allergy | 5 times | RCT | |||||
| 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits | 2.5 times | RCT | |||||
RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
Preterm births are VERY costly – Feb 2017 contains this cost-analysis
Assumptions: additional $50,000 per premature birth, $100 for education & supplements per pregnancy
| Net savings per birth After subtract all costs | # needed to eliminate 1 preterm | Cost of educ, supp per pregnancy | Total cost Educ/supp. | Cost of test per pregnancy | Total test costs | Net savings after subtract costs | |
| Vitamin D (5,000 IU avg) | $4,300 | 20 | $100 | $2,000 | $200%%%(2 tests) | $4,000 | $43,000 |
| Omega-3 | $646 | 67 | $100 | $6,700 | $0 | $0 | $43,300 |
| Vitamin C reduces early rupture | $646 | 67 | $100 | $6,700 | $0 | $0 | $43,300 |
| Iodine | $320 | 100 | $100 | $10,000 | $80 | $8,000 | $32,000 |
Does not include additional savings to infant beyond the first year
such as reductions in Autism, MS, Respiratory Tract Infection, Asthma, Allergies
Does not include additional savings to mother
such as reduction in preeclampsia, miscarriage, gestational diabetes, depression
nor does it assign any costs for anguish of possible premie death, stillbirth, time off from work, job productivity
Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Gestational vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been linked with adverse pregnant outcomes. To investigate influent factors of gestational VDD and its relation to the incidence of preterm delivery, total 3598 eligible mother-and-singleton-offspring pairs were recruited. For serum 25(OH)D concentration, 941 pregnant women were sufficient, 1260 insufficient, and 1397 deficient. Further analysis showed that VDD was more prevalent in winter than in other seasons. Underweight but not overweight was a risk factor for gestational VDD. Multivitamin use reduced risk of gestational VDD. Interestingly, 8.23% delivered preterm infants among subjects with VDD (adjusted RR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.33, 6.92) and 3.81% among subjects with gestational vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) (adjusted RR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.16, 3.71). Moreover, 2.59% delivered early preterm infants among subjects with VDD (adjusted RR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.41, 6.24) and 0.49% among subjects with VDI (adjusted RR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.19, 1.51). The incidence of late preterm delivery was 5.64% among subjects with VDD (adjusted RR: 3.90; 95% CI: 2.26, 6.72) and 3.32% among subjects with VDI (adjusted RR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.74). In conclusion, pre-pregnancy BMI, seasonality and multivitamin use are influent factors of gestational vitamin D status. Gestational VDD is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery in Chinese population.
PMID: 29483547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21944-3