The Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and the Risk of Resistant Hypertension
Clin Exp Hypertens, 42 (2), 177-180 2020, DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2019.1601204
Shiran Alagacone 1 2, Emanuele Verga 3, Roberto Verdolini 3, Shaik Mohammed Saifullah 1
*Resistant Hypertension incidence increased 2X in 20 years – vitamin D might help
Hypertension category listing contains the following
see also
Overview Overview Hypertension and Vitamin D
Overview Cardiovascular and vitamin D
Overview Stroke and vitamin D
Incidence of 22 health problems related to vitamin D have doubled in a decade
Some interesting Hypertension studies
- Hypertension risk decreased 10X by increasing vitamin D levels to more than 40 ng – Nov 2017
- Hypertension risk reduced 4X if adequate level of Vitamin D – July 2024
- COVID-19 deaths 4 to 7 X more likely if Diabetic, Hypertensive, or CVD - meta-analysis March 2020
- Magnesium reduces hypertension - FDA allows claim - Jan 2022
- Drug-resistant hypertension 3.5 X more likely if low vitamin D – March 2020
- High Blood Pressure reduced by Vitamin D supplementation in seniors and obese – meta-analysis May 2019
- Blood pressure in diabetics reduced by 12 weekly doses of 50,000 IU vitamin D – RCT Jan 2014
- Hypertension is associated with low vitamin D in some groups – meta-analysis April 2015
- Off Topic – Hypertension in 42 percent of adults (new definition: 130 mm Hg) – Feb 2018
- Men aged 40-59 59%, age >60 75%: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017–2018
Background: Previous studies have already shown a link between vitamin D deficiency and hypertension. The impact of vitamin D deficiency in resistant hypertension is currently unknown. This study examined whether an association between the two entities exists.
Method: We analysed 2953 known hypertensive subjects surveyed by NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) among the United States population between 2003 and 2006. Subjects were categorized as having either resistant hypertension or hypertension based on the number of anti-hypertensives in use and their overall blood pressure control. Subjects were also categorized as vitamin D deficient if they had 25(OH)D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) levels less than 20ng/ml.
Results: Out of the 2953 subjects, 362 (12%) were found to have resistant hypertension and 2591 (88%) had controlled hypertension. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in resistant hypertension and controlled hypertension groups was 61% and 46% respectively. Following adjustments for other variables such as age, renal function, obesity and ethnicity, the odds ratio (OR) for concomitant presence of resistant hypertension and vitamin D deficiency was 3.49 (95% confidence interval CI 1.69-7.17; P < 0.009).
The OR for having resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease, older age and obesity were 2.5 (95% CI 1.5-4; P < 0.0003), 1.034 (95% CI 1.02-1.07; P < 0.0001) and 1.048 (95% CI 1.02-1.07; P < 0.0001) respectively.
Conclusion: This study found a statistically significant association between vitamin D deficiency and resistant hypertension.
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