Parity and tanned white skin as novel predictors of vitamin D status in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort study.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Sep;79(3):333-41. doi: 10.1111/cen.12147. Epub 2013 Jul 2.
Andersen LB1, Abrahamsen B, Dalgård C, Kyhl HB, Beck-Nielsen SS, Frost-Nielsen M, Jørgensen JS, Barington T, Christesen HT.
CONTEXT:
In pregnancy, vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <50 nM, and <25 nM, respectively, may have adverse effects for both mother and child. Prevalence estimates, and identification of subgroups at special risk, may be useful for the planning of preventive strategies.
OBJECTIVE:
To study the prevalence and risk factors of hypovitaminosis D in early pregnancy.
DESIGN AND METHODS:
In a cross-sectional study of 1348 women in early pregnancy from the Odense Child Cohort, Denmark, 25(OH)D was determined and correlated to demographic and lifestyle variables (age, nationality, skin tone, parity, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking and sun exposure), using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses for all year, or stratified for summer and winter. The risk of vitamin D insufficiency was expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals in brackets.
RESULTS:
The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was estimated to 27·8% and 3·5% respectively.
In adjusted analyses, vitamin D insufficiency was directly associated with
- winter season, OR = 1·89 (1·35-
but was less frequent in
- nulliparous, OR = 0·47 (0·33-0·68) and
- tanned Caucasians, OR = 0·63 (0·41-0·97).
Season-specific associations having parental origin from outside Europe in summer, OR = 4·13 (1·41-12·13); in winter smoking, OR = 3·15 (1·19-8·36); and prepregnancy BMI, OR = 1·12 (1·06-1·18).
CONCLUSIONS:
Vitamin D insufficiency was widespread in early pregnancy. Associations to smoking, prepregnancy BMI and origin outside Europe varied with season. Multiparity and not being tanned in Caucasians represent new risk factors of vitamin D insufficiency.
PMID: 23305099
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See also VitaminDWiki
- Smoking reduces vitamin D - many studies
- Speculation on vitamin D and smoking during pregnancy - June 2010
- Overview Pregnancy and vitamin D has the following summary
| IU | Cumulative Benefit | Blood level | Cofactors | Calcium | $*/month |
| 200 | Better bones for mom with 600 mg of Calcium | 6 ng/ml increase | Not needed | No effect | $0.10 |
| 400 | Less Rickets (but not zero with 400 IU) 3X less adolescent Schizophrenia Fewer child seizures | 20-30 ng/ml | Not needed | No effect | $0.20 |
| 2000 | 2X More likely to get pregnant naturally/IVF 2X Fewer dental problems with pregnancy 8X less diabetes 4X fewer C-sections (>37 ng) 4X less preeclampsia (40 ng vs 10 ng) 5X less child asthma 2X fewer language problems age 5 | 42 ng/ml | Desirable | < 750 mg | $1 |
| 4000 | 2X fewer pregnancy complications 2X fewer pre-term births | 49 ng/ml | Should have cofactors | < 750 mg | $3 |
| 6000 | Probable: larger benefits for above items Just enough D for breastfed infant More maternal and infant weight | Should have cofactors | < 750 mg | $4 |