Maternal vitamin D status, its associated factors and the course of pregnancy in Thai women.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Jun 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04470.x.
Charatcharoenwitthaya N, Nanthakomon T, Somprasit C, Chanthasenanont A, Chailurkit LO, Pattaraarchachai J, Ongphiphadhanakul B.
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University.
CONTEXT:
There are limited data on the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in pregnant women living in Southeast Asia, and changes in their vitamin D status during pregnancy.
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy, its predictive factors and the changes in vitamin D status during the course of pregnancy.
DESIGN AND PATIENTS:
A prospective study of 120 pregnant Thai women with gestational age<14 weeks.
MEASUREMENTS:
Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and clinical data were obtained at the first visit, in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Vitamin D inadequacy was defined as 25OHD<75 nmol/L.
RESULTS:
The prevalences of vitamin D inadequacy were 83.3%, 30.9% and 27.4% for the first, second and third trimesters.
The independent predictors of vitamin D inadequacy in the third trimester were
- not drinking vitamin fortified milk (OR 11.42; 95%CI:3.12-41.86),
- not taking prenatal vitamins (OR 9.70; 95%CI:2.28-41.19) and
- having vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester (OR 10.58; 95%CI:2.89-38.80).
Vitamin D deficiency was not found in women taking prenatal vitamins.
However, 20 women who took at least 400 IU/d of vitamin D from prenatal vitamins still had vitamin D insufficiency in the third trimester.
CONCLUSIONS:
Vitamin D inadequacy is common in pregnant Thai women, especially in the first trimester.
Vitamin D supplementation may be needed prior to conception and during pregnancy.
For areas with abundant sun exposure like Thailand, vitamin D supplementation at 400 IU/d is likely to prevent vitamin D deficiency, but is inadequate to prevent vitamin D insufficiency even at 800 IU/d.
© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. PMID: 22702488
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Highlights: with inadequate < 30 ng
- 83% inadequate in 1st trimester
- 10X more likely to be inadequate in 3rd trimester (if not take fortified milk or not take prenatal vitamins)
- 17% insufficiency in 3rd trimester even had 400 IU of prenatal vitamins
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See also VitaminDWiki
- Overview Pregnancy and Vitamin D
- Overview Pregnancy with dark skins and Vitamin D Thai do not have light colored skins
and Thai women may tend to avoid the sun so as to get lighter colored skin