Vitamin D: sources, physiological role, biokinetics, deficiency, therapeutic use, toxicity, and overview of analytical methods for detection of vitamin D and its metabolites
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2022.2070595
Jira Janouseka d , Veronika Pilarov ab , Katerina Macakova a , Anderson Nomura c,d, Jessica Veiga-Matos c,d, Diana Dias da Silva c,d,e, Fernando Remiaoc,d ( , Luciano Sasof 0, Katerina Mala-Ladovag ©, Josef Malyg 0 Lucie Novakovab and Premysl Mladenkah 0
a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
c UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;
d Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;
eTOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU CRL, Gandra, Portugal; department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
PDF Table of contents
Vitamin D Genetics (related to Ricket genetics)
Types of Vitamin D Tests
ABSTRACT
Vitamin D has a well-known role in the calcium homeostasis associated with the maintenance of healthy bones. It increases the efficiency of the intestinal absorption of dietary calcium, reduces calcium losses in urine, and mobilizes calcium stored in the skeleton. However, vitamin D receptors are present ubiquitously in the human body and indeed, vitamin D has a plethora of non- calcemic functions. In contrast to most vitamins, sufficient vitamin D can be synthesized in human skin. However, its production can be markedly decreased due to factors such as clothing, sunscreens, intentional avoidance of the direct sunlight, or the high latitude of the residence. Indeed, more than one billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient, and the deficiency is frequently undiagnosed. The chronic deficiency is not only associated with rickets/osteomalacia/ osteoporosis but it is also linked to a higher risk of hypertension, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or cancer. Supplementation of vitamin D may be hence beneficial, but the intake of vitamin D should be under the supervision of health professionals because overdosing leads to intoxication with severe health consequences. For monitoring vitamin D, several analytical methods are employed, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail in this review.
Abbreviations
25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcifediol, or calcidiol; APCI: atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; APPI: atmospheric pressure photoionization; CD26/36: cluster of differentiation 26/36; CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay; CPBA: competitive protein-binding assay; DAPTAD: 4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione; DEQAS: Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunoassay; ESI: electrospray ionization; FGF23: fibroblast growth factor 23; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor 23 receptor; HLA-DR: human leukocyte antigen DR isotype; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-UV: high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection; HRMS: high resolution mass spectrometry; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; ICAM1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; KDIGO: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; LC: liquid chromatography; LC-MS: liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; LLE: liquid-liquid extraction; LRP2: megalin/cubulin system; m/z: mass-to-charge ratio; NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology; NPC1L1: Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; PHEX: phosphate-regulating neutral endopeptidase, X-linked; PMCA: plasma membrane calcium pump; PP: protein precipitation; PTAD: 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione; PTH: parathyroid hormone; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RIA: radioimmunoassay; RMP: reference method procedure; RXR: retinoid X receptor; SIL-IS: stable isotopically labeled internal standard; SLE: supported liquid extraction; SFC: supercritical fluid chromatography; SPE: solid-phase extraction; SR-B1: scavenger receptor class B type 1; SRM: standard reference material; TRPV6: transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 6; UV: ultraviolet; vDBP: vitamin D binding protein; VDDR: vitamin D-dependent rickets; VDR: vitamin D receptor; VDRE: vitamin D response element
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