Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy in a Multi-Ethnic Population-Representative Swedish Cohort
Nutrients 2016, 8(10), 655; doi:10.3390/nu8100655
Linnea Bärebring 1, Inez Schoenmakers 2,3, Anna Glantz 4, Lena Hulthén 1, Åse Jagner 4, Joy Ellis 5, Mattias Bärebring 6, Maria Bullarbo 7,8 and Hanna Augustin 1
- 78 percent of pregnant immigrants in Sweden had less than 10 ng low vitamin D – Nov 2013
- 80 percent of South Asian Women in UK had less than 10 ng of vitamin D in winter – April 2012
- Vitamin D once during pregnancy reduced infant health care costs (300 times ROI) – RCT Dec 2015
- Ethnicity and low vitamin D levels during pregnancy – Jan 2016 Norway
| < 10 ng | Mother was born in | |
| 45 % | South Asia | |
| 40 % | Middle East | |
| 26 % | Sub-Saharan Africa | |
| 3% | East Asia | |
| 1 % | Western Europe | |
Pregnancy category starts with
- see also
- Overview Pregnancy and vitamin D
- Number of articles in both categories of Pregnancy and:Dark Skin
29 ; Depression 21 ; Diabetes 44 ; Obesity 17 ; Hypertension 44 ; Breathing 35 ; Omega-3 44 ; Vitamin D Receptor 24 Click here for details - All items in category Infant/Child
853 items - Pregnancy needs at least 40 ng of vitamin D, achieved by at least 4,000 IU – Hollis Aug 2017
- 38+ papers with Breastfed etc, in the title
- Call to action – more Vitamin D for pregnancies, loading doses are OK – Holick Aug 2019
- 53+ preeclampsia studies
- 94+ studies with PRETERM in the title
- Fertility problem (PCOS) reduced by vitamin D, etc: many studies 15+
- 94+ Gestational Diabetes
- Caesarean birth much more likely if low Vitamin D - many studies 15+ studies
- Post-partum depression and low Vitamin D - many studies 15+ studies
- Stillbirth reduced by Vitamin D, Zinc, Omega-3 - several studies 5+ studies
- Search VitaminDWiki for "Assisted reproduction" 33 items as of Aug 2022
- Fertility and Sperm category listing has
142 items along with related searches - (Stunting OR “low birth weight” OR LBW) 1180 items as of June 2020
- Less labor pain if higher level of vitamin D – August 2021
- Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D
- Ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby - take Vitamin D before conception
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary
Most were taking 2,000 to 7,000 IU daily for >50% of pregnancy
Click on hyperlinks for detailsProblemVit. D
ReducesEvidence 0. Chance of not conceiving 3.4 times Observe 1. Miscarriage 2.5 times Observe 2. Pre-eclampsia 3.6 times RCT 3. Gestational Diabetes 3 times RCT 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality 3.5 times Observe 5. Premature birth 2 times RCT 6. C-section - unplanned 1.6 times Observe Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 4 times RCT - Omega-3 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy 1.4 times RCT 8. Small for Gestational Age 1.6 times meta-analysis 9. Infant height, weight, head size
within normal limitsRCT 10. Childhood Wheezing 1.3 times RCT 11. Additional child is Autistic 4 times Intervention 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis 1.9 times Observe 13. Preeclampsia in young adult 3.5 times RCT 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 1.4 times Observe 15. Childhood Mite allergy 5 times RCT 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits 2.5 times RCT RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
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Graphs of vitamin D during 1st and 3rd trimesters
Upper pair = All women (not just light skinned)
Lower pair = Asian/African womenIf very low Vitamin D (< 12 ng) the woman is 22X more likely to be an Asian woman
Specuation: Muslim women wearing concealing clothing, and Swedish women taking cod liver oil and/or fish diet
There is currently little information on changes in vitamin D status during pregnancy and its predictors. The aim was to study the determinants of change in vitamin D status during pregnancy and of vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) in early pregnancy. Blood was drawn in the first (T1) and third trimester (T3). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (N = 1985) was analysed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Season-corrected 25(OH)D was calculated by fitting cosine functions to the data. Mean (standard deviation) 25(OH)D was 64.5(24.5) nmol/L at T1 and 74.6(34.4) at T3. Mean age was 31.3(4.9) years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.5(4.2) kg/m2 and 74% of the women were born in Sweden. Vitamin D deficiency was common among women born in Africa (51%) and Asia (46%) and prevalent in 10% of the whole cohort. Determinants of vitamin D deficiency at T1 were of non-North European origin, and had less sun exposure, lower vitamin D intake and lower age. Season-corrected 25(OH)D increased by 11(23) nmol/L from T1 to T3. The determinants of season-corrected change in 25(OH)D were origin, sun-seeking behaviour, clothing style, dietary vitamin D intake, vitamin D supplementation and recent travel <35° N. In conclusion, season-corrected 25(OH)D concentration increased during pregnancy and depended partly on lifestyle factors. The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was low but common among women born in Africa and Asia. Among them, the determinants of both vitamin D deficiency and change in season-corrected vitamin D status were fewer, indicating a smaller effect of sun exposure.Vitamin D levels rise during pregnancy – Oct 2016Printer Friendly Follow this page for updates6201 visitors, last modified 22 Oct, 2016, This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category)Attached files
ID Name Uploaded Size Downloads 7219 OR of less than 12 ng in T1.jpg admin 22 Oct, 2016 10.91 Kb 529 7218 preg vs season.jpg admin 22 Oct, 2016 45.36 Kb 645 7217 Pregnancy and Vit D 1st and 3rd trimester.pdf admin 22 Oct, 2016 429.85 Kb 635 - All items in category Infant/Child