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Type II Diabetics: Most common deficiency is Vitamin D (2nd is Magnesium) – meta-analysis Jan 2025

Burden of micronutrient deficiency among patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2025;0:e000950. doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2024-000950
Daya Krishan Mangal1. Nida Shaikh2, Himanshu Tolani2 Diksha Gautam2 Anuj Kumar Pandey2 Yeshwanth Sonnathi1

Background Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant issue worldwide, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. These deficiencies can impact glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways, potentially leading to the beginning and advancement of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study is a comprehensive assessment of the burden of multiple micronutrient deficiencies among T2D patients. The aim of the study is to resolve conflicting evidence from previous studies that mainly focused on one specific micronutrient.

Methods The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook. This comprehensive literature search explored Embase, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, LILACS and the grey literature, and studies that met the inclusion criteria. A pre-piloted data extraction sheet was used to extract data for relevant study outcomes and characteristics. Results were produced by R V.4.3.2 (R Core Team 2023 using general packages such as tidyverse, and specific packages such as meta and metafor.

Results The analysis included 132 studies with 52 501 participants. The pooled prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiency (vitamins, minerals and electrolytes) was 45.30% (95% CI 40.35% to 50.30%) among T2D patients. The pooled prevalence (48.62%, 95% CI 42.55 to 54.70) was higher in women with T2D than in men.

  • Vitamin D was the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency (60.45%, 95% CI 55% to 65%),
  • followed by magnesium (41.95%, 95% CI 27% to 56%).
  • B12 deficiency (28.72%, 95% CI 21.08% to 36.37%) was higher in the metformin-consuming group.

The prevalence of micronutrient deficiency varied across WHO regions.

Conclusions Micronutrient deficiencies were common in T2D patients, the most common being vitamin D deficiency. Women were more likely to be affected by micronutrient deficiency than men. These studies were hospital based and the findings of this systematic review may be used with caution due to inherent selection bias. Diversity of foods, lifestyle choices and cultural practices may contribute to geographic variations in micronutrient deficiency.
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41+ VitaminDWiki Magnesium category pages have DIABETES in the title

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Items found: 21
Title Modified
Diabetics more likely to die if low Magnesium (MDS) - Jan 2025 23 Jan, 2025
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Magnesium - many studies 13 Jan, 2023
More Magnesium needed to decrease diabetes, cardio, HT (body weight has increased) - March 2021 09 Jun, 2022
Reduced Magnesium is associated with reduced health (Diabetes in this case) - April 2022 08 Jun, 2022
Treating pre-diabetes with Magnesium Chloride should be cost effective – June 2022 05 Jun, 2022
Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes - Jan 2021 02 Jun, 2022
Magnesium fights diabetes (yet again)– meta-analysis Nov 2021 20 Apr, 2022
Low Level Laser Therapy greatly increased Vitamin D and Magnesium (for diabetics with nephropathy) – March 2019 28 Nov, 2021
Young Diabetics had 3.8 X higher risk of Parkinson’s (perhaps low Mg or low Vitamin D)– June 2018 09 Jun, 2021
Excessive insulin decreases vitamin D in 4 ways – problems for diabetic COVID-19 – Dec 2020 12 Dec, 2020
Diabetes and low Magnesium - Mercola 2014 - 2019 18 Nov, 2019
Low Magnesium associated with diabetes, etc. – meta-analysis 2016 16 Aug, 2019
Magnesium treats diabetes and cardiovascular problems – meta-analysis Feb 2017 18 Nov, 2017
Diabetes 29 % less likely if consume lots of Magnesium and cereal fiber (surveys of 200,000 people) – Oct 2017 06 Oct, 2017
Magnesium is associated with prevention and treatment of Diabetes – Meta-analysis Aug 2016 11 Sep, 2016
Type 2 diabetes associated with low Magnesium 26 May, 2016
Type II Diabetes might be prevented and treated with Magnesium – Review Feb 2015 18 May, 2015
Low Magnesium and type II diabetes – June 2012 18 May, 2015
Diabetes decreased with 300 mg of Mg (Mg Sulfate) – RCT July 2014 18 May, 2015
Diabetics have problems with low Magnesium, especially if taking statins – Aug 2013 28 Aug, 2013
Reduced chance of diabetes 46 percent with Magnesium - Oct 2010 07 Feb, 2013
VitaminDWiki - Magnesium is vital to Vitamin D in 4 places (maybe 8) – March 2018
408+ VitaminDWiki Diabetes category pages have VITAMIN D in the title

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Items found: 409
Title Modified
Type II Diabetics: Most common deficiency is Vitamin D (2nd is Magnesium) – meta-analysis Jan 2025 21 Mar, 2025
Metformin appears to activate the Vitamin D Receptor (more D to kidney cells, etc,) - March 2025 07 Mar, 2025
Metformin appears to increase Vitamin D in 07 Mar, 2025
Dark Skin Diabetics and Vitamin D - many studies 14 Feb, 2025
Vitamin D, minerals (Mg, Ca, K, Phosphate, Na, Fe, Zn, Cl, Se) and health – 15 studies 2024 05 Feb, 2025
Diabetic Foot Ulcers helped by Vitamin D - meta-analyses many studies 25 Jan, 2025
Type 1 Diabetic inflammation reduced by 50 ng of Vitamin D - Dec 2024 21 Dec, 2024
Vitamin D Roles - more than just help the immune system 08 Dec, 2024
Diabetes and Vitamin D meta-analyses - many studies 05 Nov, 2024
Resveratrol improves health (Vitamin D receptor, etc.) - many studies 10 Oct, 2024
T2 Diabetes and associated CVD problems fought by Vitamin D (weekly 50,000 IU) – Sept 2024 18 Sep, 2024
Type 2 Diabetes 2 X less likely if triple the vitamin D level (222,000 Danes) - Sept 2024 10 Sep, 2024
Type 2 Diabetes and Vitamin D – Overview of 20 years of research – Aug 2024 28 Aug, 2024
Diabetics with low vitamin D had 1.4X more infections – Aug 2024 05 Aug, 2024
DNA analysis of genes (Polygenic risk) shows increased risk of 9 health problems (all 9 fought by Vitamin D) – Feb 2024 07 Jul, 2024
Retinopathy in males 6.9 X more likely if low vitamin D and low Magnesium - June 2024 27 Jun, 2024
Take Vitamin D to prevent prediabetes from progressing into diabetes – American Diabetic Association – 2024 28 Apr, 2024
Vitamin D-A New Therapeutic Target in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients – Feb 2024 10 Apr, 2024
Risk of Type II Diabetes was cut if half if had a predicted 30 ng of vitamin D – March 2024 10 Mar, 2024
Many T1 diabetics in Finland are self-treating with more than 1200 IU of Vitamin D daily – Feb 2024 08 Mar, 2024
Many T1 diabetics in Finland are self-treating with more than 1200 IU of Vitamin D daily – Feb 2024 08 Mar, 2024
Gestational Diabetes best fought by Vitamin D plus probiotics – RCT review Dec 2023 11 Jan, 2024
Men with 20 years of type 1 Diabetes have the same vitamin D levels as controls - Dec 2023 18 Dec, 2023
Metabolic Syndromes fought by Vitamin D in 6 ways – Oct 2023 18 Oct, 2023
UV reduces cardiovascular and metabolic problems– Vitamin D plus Nitric oxide – Sept 2023 21 Sep, 2023
Diabetes increases chance of death (low vitamin D) - many studies 30 Aug, 2023
Type 2 Diabetes treated by Vitamin D (often 50,000 IU weekly) – meta-analysis July 2023 21 Aug, 2023
Gestational Diabetes reduced with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every 3 weeks and daily Calcium – RCT June 2014 17 Jul, 2023
T2 Diabetes might be fought by Vitamin D plus Vitamin D Receptor activators – April 2023 05 Jul, 2023
Vitamin D both reduces CVD directly and reduces metabolic problems that cause CVD – May 2023 26 May, 2023
11 Diabetes problems are associated with low Vitamin D – review May 2023 16 May, 2023
4X reduction in prediabetes progressing to T2D if more than 50 ng of vitamin D – RCT March 2023 01 May, 2023
Neuropathy treated by vitamin D - many studies 24 Mar, 2023
Autoimmune diseases fought by Vitamin D, especially if have more than 40 ng – Sept 2022 14 Feb, 2023
High fluoride in water: 5X more likely to be Vitamin D deficient – Jan 2023 28 Jan, 2023
Overview Diabetes and vitamin D 02 Jan, 2023
Active vitamin D is related to COVID and Diabetes in 15 ways – Dec 2022 20 Dec, 2022
T1 Diabetic adults 5X more likely to get COVID (hint low vitamin D)– Nov 2022 24 Nov, 2022
Diabetes prevented by 50,000 IU vitamin D monthly (Iran) – Jan 2022 03 Nov, 2022
Depression more likely if low vitamin D (3.5 X prediabetic women in this case) – Oct 2022 25 Oct, 2022
T1 Diabetes in child not prevented by a tiny amount of vitamin D during pregnancy – Nov 2015 15 Oct, 2022
Diabetic inflammation synergistically decreased by Vitamin D and exercise – RCT June 2022 09 Oct, 2022
T2 diabetes complications increased 35-52 percent if low vitamin D – Sept 2022 29 Sep, 2022
Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes – only Vitamin D had high quality studies – meta-analysis Sept 2022 14 Sep, 2022
Increased Phosphorus increases Vitamin D getting to cells (CYP24A1, pigs) - Aug 2022 25 Aug, 2022
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 10X more-likely if low vitamin D in first trimester – July 2022 07 Aug, 2022
Incidence of Type-2 Diabetes increased 3X in 30 years (by the way, Vitamin D helps) – July 2022 21 Jul, 2022
T1 Diabetes 6.5 X more likely in South African Blacks if poor Vitamin D Binding Protein – July 2022 18 Jul, 2022
Gestational Diabetes 2.1 X more likely if less than 30 ng of Vitamin D - July 2022 14 Jul, 2022
Gestational diabetes risk reduced 1.5X by Vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2021 14 Jul, 2022
Diabetics 5X more-likely to get CKD if have very low Vitamin D – June 2022 30 Jun, 2022
A small amount of Vitamin D analog did not help diabetes - May 2022 26 May, 2022
Diabetic Retinopathy associated with low Vitamin D - many studies 26 May, 2022
Diabetic Neuropathy treated by Vitamin D – review April 2022 16 Apr, 2022
Vitamin D separately helps X or COVID, should help X with COVID (example: diabetes) – March 2022 13 Apr, 2022
Dementia 1.7X higher risk if diabetic and low vitamin D - Jan 2022 14 Feb, 2022
100,000 IU of Vitamin D3 monthly for 4 months to diabetics (D2 bombed) – RCT Dec 2019 13 Feb, 2022
Prevent half of T1 Diabetes with vitamin D levels of 50 ng – Dec 2012 04 Jan, 2022
Vitamin D2 not help – again ( T1 diabetes– which has been helped by D3) – Jan 2022 17 Dec, 2021
Gestational Diabetes – increased risk if poor Vitamin D Receptor – 2 Meta-Analyses 2021 14 Dec, 2021
Most Diabetics getting 40,000 IU of vitamin D weekly did not get to 30 ng (needed gut-friendly form) - RCT June 2020 30 Nov, 2021
Low Level Laser Therapy greatly increased Vitamin D and Magnesium (for diabetics with nephropathy) – March 2019 28 Nov, 2021
26 health factors increase the risk of COVID-19 – all are proxies for low vitamin D 03 Nov, 2021
Vitamin D might a risk factor of insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, etc. (50 ng) – Oct 2021 26 Oct, 2021
Vitamin d treats Type II Diabetes in many ways (14 article review) - Sept 2021 27 Sep, 2021
Vitamin D given for 6 weeks did not slow prediabetes progression 2 years later (no surprise) – RCT Aug 2021 27 Aug, 2021
Overview Metabolic Syndrome and vitamin D 25 Aug, 2021
Diabetes helped somewhat by weekly 50,000 IU of vitamin D (5 ways to improve) – RCT Aug 2021 19 Aug, 2021
Excess Uric Acid associated with low vitamin D 09 Jul, 2021
T2 Diabetes 30 percent more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis of 47 studies – July 2021 08 Jul, 2021
Insulin Resistance is associated with low Vitamin D (both diabetic and non-diabetic) – meta-analysis May 2021 30 Jun, 2021
Young Diabetics had 3.8 X higher risk of Parkinson’s (perhaps low Mg or low Vitamin D)– June 2018 09 Jun, 2021
Diabetic Neuropathy 2.8X higher risk if low vitamin D – meta-analysis May 2021 25 May, 2021
Peripheral diabetic neuropathy helped by weekly 50,000 IU vitamin D – Jan 2019 25 May, 2021
Prediabetes 1.5 X more likely to go away if take Vitamin D – meta-analysis July 2020 06 Apr, 2021
Somewhat less Type 1 Diabetes in Wales recently – perhaps more sun or more vitamin D – March 2021 13 Mar, 2021
Little Vitamin D benefit if not achieve a good level (T1D in this cases) – Jan 2021 26 Feb, 2021
Diabetes 6X more likely for those abdominal obese who have insufficient vitamin D – June 2012 25 Feb, 2021
Obesity lowers vitamin D which increases probability of diabetes in children – Nov 2011 25 Feb, 2021
Prediabetes reduced by weekly 60,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Jan 2021 23 Feb, 2021
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Vitamin D (T1 Diabetes in this case) - April 2020 12 Feb, 2021
Elderly diabetic problems are associated with low vitamin D and often treated as well – 34 study review Feb 2021 11 Feb, 2021
Low bone mineral density is inversely associated with both Vitamin D and Resistin (resistance to insulin) 15 Jan, 2021
Increased risk of diabetes if have poor Vitamin D genes – Dec 2020 30 Dec, 2020
Saudi study defines normal Vitamin D level to be 50 to 70 ng (diabetes, etc.) - June 2020 12 Dec, 2020
Excessive insulin decreases vitamin D in 4 ways – problems for diabetic COVID-19 – Dec 2020 12 Dec, 2020
Type 1 Diabetes (Autoimmune) and Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor and Cathelicidin - Dec 2020 03 Dec, 2020
How Vitamin D prevents Hyperglycemia – Sept 2020 02 Dec, 2020
T1 Diabetes 3X lower risk if high vitamin D (over 40 ng) – Meta-analysis Nov 2020 30 Nov, 2020
Vitamin D deficiency associated with increased risk of many health problems in 58,000,000 Americans - Nov 2020 24 Nov, 2020
Diabetes 50X less likely if 30 ng of Vitamin D and intense exercise – April 2018 11 Nov, 2020
Diabetics with high vitamin D have 40 pcnt less all-cause mortality – Nov 2020 11 Nov, 2020
How Vitamin D prevents Insulin Resistance – Sept 2020 17 Sep, 2020
Several Diabetic pains reduced by injection of 300,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Feb 2020 25 Jul, 2020
300,000 IU injection loading dose of vitamin D3 stopped gestational diabetes in RCT – Oct 2011 25 Jul, 2020
Diabetic inflammation reduced by Vitamin D (30,000 IU weekly) – RCT July 2020 09 Jul, 2020
Fructose reduces blood levels of active vitamin D 13 Jun, 2020
Blacks die more often than whites of many diseases (they have less vitamin D) – 2012 19 May, 2020
Poor CYP2R1 gene results in lower vitamin D and 2X increase in T1 Diabetes – Sept 2019 16 May, 2020
97 percent of Native American children have less than 30 ng of vitamin D – Oct 2011 10 Apr, 2020
Diabetes not helped by increasing Vitamin D levels to 20 ng (proven again) – RCT March 2020 23 Feb, 2020
Diabetes decreased by activating Vitamin D Receptor (transgenic mice) – Feb 2020 22 Feb, 2020
Worse diabetic vision is associated with low vitamin D or high PTH - Nov 2012 07 Jan, 2020
Diabetes helped by 5,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Sept 2019 30 Dec, 2019
Pre-diabetics with low vitamin D are more likely to become diabetic – May 2019 29 Dec, 2019
How Vitamin D both prevents and treats insulin resistance (Diabetes) – April 2019 29 Dec, 2019
Diabetes, immune system and Vitamin D – book chapter – 2019 19 Dec, 2019
Poor Tuberculosis outcomes if low vitamin D and diabetic – Dec 2019 06 Dec, 2019
Diabetic nerve damage (Polyneuropathy) was 2.7 X more likely if low vitamin D, etc. – Dec 2019 02 Dec, 2019
The worse the diabetic foot, the lower the vitamin D level – Nov 2019 28 Nov, 2019
Fasting and Diabetes both reduce Vitamin D activation (CYP2R1 in rodents) – May 2019 19 Nov, 2019
Most Diabetics helped by Vitamin D (90 percent are deficient) – Nov 2019 04 Nov, 2019
Diabetes increases risk of poor cognition by 2X, 12 weeks of Vitamin D not help (but 18 weeks did) – RCT Oct 2019 30 Oct, 2019
T1 Diabetes treated by Vitamin D and Omega-3 - Jan 2018 23 Oct, 2019
Children in India – 1 in 7 extremely low Vitamin D, 1 in 10 prediabetic – Sept 2019 10 Oct, 2019
Type II diabetes 2 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Gene (CYP27B1) – Oct 2019 07 Oct, 2019
Type 1 diabetes trial having problems getting participants – too many taking Vitamin D or Omega-3 – Aug 2019 03 Oct, 2019
Type 1 Diabetes is prevented and treated by Vitamin D – review of 16 studies – Sept 2019 14 Sep, 2019
T1 Diabetes reduction by high Omega-3 and Vitamin D – GRH ongoing observation 12 Sep, 2019
Waist size reduced 3 cm by Vitamin D in those with Metabolic Syndrome – Jan 2017 18 Aug, 2019
Diabetics and prediabetics helped by 5,000 IU of Vitamin D for 6 months– RCT July 2019 29 Jul, 2019
Depression reduced in Diabetics with 3 months of 4,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT July 2019 10 Jul, 2019
Peripheral Arterial Disease 3.7 X more likely in diabetics with low vitamin D – June 2019 02 Jul, 2019
Diabetic inflammation reduced by Calcium and 50,000 IU of vitamin D in 8 weeks – RCT 2014 01 Jul, 2019
Type 2 Diabetes inflammation reduced by 50,000 IU of Vitamin D bi-weekly and resistance training – RCT – June 2019 01 Jul, 2019
Gestational Diabetes 2.4X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (region in China) – June 2019 24 Jun, 2019
Vitamin D food fortification during pregnancy reduced gestational diabetes in daughters by 13 percent – Nov 2018 14 Jun, 2019
Deep wounds (Diabetic) healed slowly if low vitamin D – June 2019 14 Jun, 2019
Vitamin D injection is far better than oral for diabetics (poor gut) – RCT March 2017 12 Jun, 2019
Diabetic kidney problems in children last longer if low vitamin D – May 2019 11 Jun, 2019
Vitamin D fails to prevent Type 2 Diabetes (unaware of 8 proven ways) June 2019 09 Jun, 2019
Prediabetes both prevented and treated by monthly Vitamin D, etc. 08 Jun, 2019
Gestational Diabetes 3 X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor (Turkey) – May 2019 18 May, 2019
Women with diabetes 60 percent more likely to get Cancer (perhaps low vitamin D) – May 2019 16 May, 2019
Vitamin D reduced only the systolic blood pressure in T2DM – Meta-analysis April 2019 15 May, 2019
Type 1 Diabetes prevention with Vitamin D and Omega-3 – Symposium April 2019 25 Apr, 2019
Vitamin D helps Diabetic Nephropathy kidneys – meta-analysis April 2019 23 Apr, 2019
Better lipid and diabetic profiles if higher level of vitamin D – March 2019 08 Apr, 2019
Type 1 Diabetes risk increased if high postpartum Vitamin D binding protein – Jan 2019 24 Mar, 2019
Infertile women 10 percent more likely to die (perhaps due disease associated with low vitamin D – Nov 2017 23 Mar, 2019
Gestational diabetes 60 percent more likely below 20 ng of vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2012 23 Mar, 2019
Vitamin D treats Gestational Diabetes, decreases hospitalization and newborn complications – meta-analysis March 2019 23 Mar, 2019
Vitamin D prevents diabetes but Dairy does not appear to help – March 2019 16 Mar, 2019
Diabetic nephropathy deactivates the Vitamin D Receptor, reducing tissue Vit D – Feb 2019 01 Mar, 2019
Prediabetes treated by Vitamin D (34 ng, 3500 IU per day) – meta-analysis May 2018 24 Feb, 2019
Vitamin D treatment of diabetes (50,000 IU every 2 weeks) augmented by probiotic – RCT June 2018 12 Jan, 2019
T1 Diabetes – how it may be prevented and treated by Vitamin D – Dec 2018 29 Dec, 2018
Prediabetics not helped by weekly vitamin D (perhaps D2) – RCT Oct 2013 09 Dec, 2018
Vitamin D and Omega-3 may treat Type 1 Diabetes – RCT 2024 24 Nov, 2018
Diabetic nephropathy (Kidney) treated by 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly – RCT Jan 2019 17 Nov, 2018
Vitamin D and Magnesium fight Diabetes independently - have not seen a trial that used both of them

Type II Diabetics: Most common deficiency is Vitamin D (2nd is Magnesium) – meta-analysis Jan 2025        
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